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GNDU Question Paper-2024
B.A 3
rd
Semester
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Indian Constitution)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks
SECTION-A
1. Discuss the historical development of Indian Constitution since 1857.
2. Discuss the nature and objectives of Indian Political system as per Preamble.
SECTION-B
3. Discuss the meaning and types of Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution.
4. Critically evaluate the Fundamental duties in Indian Constitution.
SECTION-C
5. Examine the powers and position of Parliament in India.
6. Highlight the powers and role of Prime Minister of India.
SECTION-D
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7. Critically discuss the position and powers of Governor of State.
8. Examine the election, powers and role of Legislative Assembly of State.
GNDU Answer Paper-2024
B.A 3
rd
Semester
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Indian Constitution)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks
SECTION-A
1. Discuss the historical development of Indian Constitution since 1857.
Ans: A Fresh Beginning
Imagine India in 1857. The streets were filled with unrest, soldiers were rebelling, kings
were resisting, and ordinary people were joining in what we now call the First War of
Independence. Though the revolt did not succeed, it sent a powerful message to the British:
Indians would no longer quietly accept foreign domination. This single event became the
spark that set in motion the long journey toward India’s Constitution.
The Constitution of India, which finally came into force on 26th January 1950, was not
written in one day. It was the result of a long historical process, spread over almost a
century, beginning from the Revolt of 1857. Every law, reform, and Act introduced by the
British in India after 1857 slowly shaped the foundation on which our Constitution was built.
Let’s walk step by step through this journey.
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Phase 1: After the Revolt of 1857 – Crown’s Rule Begins
Before 1857, the British East India Company ruled India. But after the revolt, the British
government realized that such a huge country could not be left in private hands. Therefore,
in 1858, the Government of India Act was passed.
• The East India Company’s rule ended.
• India came directly under the control of the British Crown.
• A new office called the Secretary of State for India was created in London.
• A Council of India was formed to assist him.
This marked the beginning of central administration in India. Though Indians still had no say
in governance, the foundation of a centralized structure was laid.
Phase 2: The First Steps Towards Representation
The British slowly realized that they needed to involve Indians in governance to avoid future
revolts. Hence, they introduced certain reforms:
Indian Councils Act, 1861
• This Act allowed Indians to enter the law-making process.
• Some Indian rulers and influential persons were nominated as members of the
Governor-General’s Council.
• It was the first time Indians got a chance to participate in legislation, though in a very
limited way.
Indian Councils Act, 1892
• Slightly more Indians were given seats.
• Local bodies like municipalities and district boards were allowed to recommend
members.
• However, there was no power to discuss the budget or pass laws freely.
This period was like giving Indians a small seat at the table, but no real power to decide.
Phase 3: Early 20th Century – Growing Demands
By the early 1900s, the national movement was gaining momentum. The Indian National
Congress, founded in 1885, was raising demands for more representation. The British
responded with further reforms.
Indian Councils Act, 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)
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• Indians were allowed to be elected to the legislative councils for the first time.
• The principle of “separate electorates” was introduced: Muslims were given
separate representation, which later became a divisive issue.
• Though still limited, this was the first step towards representative democracy.
Phase 4: Towards Self-Government
The demand for self-rule grew louder, especially after World War I. To pacify Indians, the
British introduced new reforms.
Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms)
• Introduced the concept of dyarchy at the provincial level.
• Subjects were divided into two: “reserved” (controlled by the British) and
“transferred” (handled by Indian ministers).
• Expanded the councils and gave more Indians voting rights.
Although still under British control, Indians now began to taste limited self-government.
However, dissatisfaction continued, as Indians wanted full independence.
Phase 5: Towards Federalism
The turning point came with the Simon Commission (1927), which had no Indian members.
This insult led to widespread protests. In response, the British tried to offer new
concessions.
Government of India Act, 1935
• This was the most comprehensive law before independence.
• It introduced the idea of a federal system (though never fully implemented).
• Provincial autonomy was granted: elected Indian governments now controlled
provinces.
• Bicameral legislatures were set up in provinces.
• Separate electorates were expanded, dividing Indian society further.
This Act became the blueprint for the future Indian Constitution. Many provisions of the
1935 Act, like federalism, governor’s role, public service commissions, and emergency
powers, were later adapted into our Constitution.
Phase 6: The Final Steps – Towards Independence
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During World War II, Indians once again demanded complete freedom. The Quit India
Movement (1942) shook British confidence. After the war, Britain was weak and could no
longer hold India.
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
• Proposed the idea of a Constituent Assembly to frame India’s own Constitution.
• Elections were held, and representatives from across India were chosen.
Thus, the Constituent Assembly of India was born in December 1946. This was the true
beginning of our Constitution-making process.
Indian Independence Act, 1947
• Passed by the British Parliament.
• Declared India and Pakistan as independent dominions.
• The Constituent Assembly of India was given the power to frame the Constitution.
Phase 7: Birth of the Indian Constitution
After independence, the Constituent Assembly worked day and night to draft the
Constitution. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, played a key
role.
Finally, on 26th November 1949, the Constitution was adopted. On 26th January 1950, it
came into force, making India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.
The Story in Simple Flow (1857 to 1950)
1. 1857 Revolt → Company’s rule ended, Crown took over.
2. Acts of 1861 & 1892 → First small steps towards Indian representation.
3. 1909 Act → Separate electorates, limited elections.
4. 1919 Act → Dyarchy, more power to Indians in provinces.
5. 1935 Act → Blueprint of future Constitution, provincial autonomy.
6. 1946 → Constituent Assembly formed.
7. 1947 → Independence Act gave freedom to frame our own Constitution.
8. 1950 → Constitution came into force.
Conclusion
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The historical development of the Indian Constitution since 1857 is like the story of a tree
growing from a seed. The Revolt of 1857 planted the seed of nationalism. Each reform Act
was like water and sunlight, though often insufficient. The 1935 Act shaped the trunk, giving
structure. Finally, independence allowed the tree to bloom fully as the Indian Constitution
of 1950.
So, when we read our Constitution today, we should remember that it is not just a legal
document—it is the result of decades of struggle, reforms, sacrifices, and vision. It carries
the voices of countless Indians who fought, protested, and dreamed of a free and
democratic India.
2. Discuss the nature and objectives of Indian Political system as per Preamble.
Ans: The Nature and Objectives of the Indian Political System as per the Preamble
A Different Beginning
Imagine the midnight of 15th August 1947. The clock strikes twelve, and Jawaharlal Nehru
delivers his famous speech: “At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India
will awake to life and freedom.”
But freedom was not just about lowering the Union Jack and raising the tricolour. It was
about building a new nation—one that would be just, equal, and free. The leaders of the
Constituent Assembly knew that independence without direction would be meaningless.
They needed a guiding light, a statement of purpose, a promise to the people.
That promise was written into the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. It is like the soul of
the Constitution, capturing in a few lines the nature of the Indian state and the objectives it
must achieve.
The Nature of the Indian Political System
The Preamble begins with the words: “We, the people of India…”. This itself tells us about
the nature of our political system. Let’s break it down.
1. Sovereign
• India is free to make its own decisions, both internally and externally.
• No foreign power can dictate our policies.
• This was crucial in 1947, when India had just broken free from colonial rule.
• Sovereignty means that ultimate authority rests with the people of India.
In simple words: India is the master of its own destiny.
2. Socialist
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• The word “Socialist” was added by the 42nd Amendment (1976), but the spirit was
always there.
• It means India will strive for economic equality and social justice.
• Not extreme socialism (where the state controls everything), but a mixed economy
where both public and private sectors coexist.
• The aim is to reduce the gap between rich and poor, and to ensure dignity for all.
In simple words: India believes in fairness, not exploitation.
3. Secular
• Also added by the 42nd Amendment, but again, the idea was present from the start.
• Secularism in India means the state has no official religion.
• Every citizen is free to practice, profess, and propagate any religion—or none at all.
• The state treats all religions equally, ensuring harmony in a diverse country.
In simple words: All faiths are respected, none is favoured.
4. Democratic
• Democracy is the heartbeat of the Indian political system.
• It means government by the people, of the people, and for the people.
• Citizens have the right to vote, to choose their leaders, and to hold them
accountable.
• Democracy in India is not just political—it is also social and economic, aiming to
empower every individual.
In simple words: Power lies with the people.
5. Republic
• A republic means the head of the state is elected, not hereditary.
• In India, the President is elected, unlike monarchies where kings or queens rule by
birth.
• This ensures equality—no one has a divine right to rule.
In simple words: Leadership is earned, not inherited.
The Objectives of the Indian Political System
After defining the nature of the state, the Preamble sets out the objectives—what the
Indian political system must achieve for its people. These are like promises made by the
Constitution to every citizen.
1. Justice
The Preamble promises justice in three forms:
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• Social Justice: Ending caste discrimination, untouchability, and ensuring equality for
all communities.
• Economic Justice: Reducing inequality of wealth, ensuring fair distribution of
resources, and protecting workers and farmers.
• Political Justice: Equal participation in politics, the right to vote, and equal access to
political opportunities.
In simple words: Everyone should get a fair deal in society, economy, and politics.
2. Liberty
• Liberty means freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
• It ensures that every citizen can think freely, speak freely, and practice any religion.
• But liberty is not absolute—it is balanced with responsibility and respect for others.
In simple words: You are free to be yourself, as long as you don’t harm others.
3. Equality
• Equality means no discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, gender, or wealth.
• It ensures equal opportunities in education, jobs, and public life.
• It also means equality before law—no one is above the law, not even the Prime
Minister or President.
In simple words: Everyone stands on the same ground.
4. Fraternity
• Fraternity means brotherhood, a sense of unity and solidarity among citizens.
• It ensures the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.
• In a country as diverse as India, fraternity is essential to hold us together.
In simple words: We are different, but we are one family.
The Preamble as a Guiding Light
• The Preamble is not legally enforceable, but it is a guiding principle.
• The Supreme Court has called it the “identity card of the Constitution.”
• It helps interpret the Constitution whenever there is doubt.
• It reflects the dreams of the Constituent Assembly and the aspirations of the people.
Conclusion
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is like the opening chapter of a great book—it sets
the tone, defines the characters, and tells us what the story is about.
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• The nature of the Indian political system is that it is Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,
Democratic, and Republic.
• The objectives are to secure Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for all citizens.
Together, these words are not just lofty ideals—they are living promises. They remind us
that independence was not the end, but the beginning of a journey to build a nation that is
free, fair, and united.
For students, the key is to remember:
• Nature = What India is.
• Objectives = What India wants to achieve.
Explained as a story, the Preamble is not just a preface to the Constitution—it is the
heartbeat of Indian democracy, the compass that guides our political system, and the dream
that continues to inspire generations.
SECTION-B
3. Discuss the meaning and types of Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution.
Ans: Meaning and Types of Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution
Imagine you are living in a country where the government is all-powerful. It can silence you
if you speak against it, take away your property without asking, force you into a religion, or
stop you from moving freely. Life in such a place would feel like being in a golden cage —
you might survive, but you wouldn’t truly live.
When India became free in 1947, our leaders did not want such a future. They had fought
hard against colonial rulers who often denied Indians even the basic dignity of life. So, while
drafting the Constitution, they decided that the people of India should be given certain
guaranteed freedoms that no government could snatch away. These freedoms came to be
called Fundamental Rights.
Fundamental Rights are like the protective shield of every Indian citizen. They ensure that
people can live with equality, dignity, and liberty. They also act as a constant reminder to
the government that it exists to serve the people, not to dominate them.
The Constitution of India borrowed the idea of Fundamental Rights from many countries,
especially the United States. But our leaders gave it their own unique Indian character,
keeping in mind the diversity and challenges of India.
Meaning of Fundamental Rights
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The term “Fundamental Rights” itself carries a lot of meaning:
1. Fundamental – These rights are essential for the very existence and development of
individuals. Without them, democracy would be meaningless.
2. Rights – These are not favors from the government; they are the birthright of every
citizen, enforceable by law. If the government tries to take them away, people can
directly approach the courts.
In simple words, Fundamental Rights are those minimum guarantees that protect the
individual from arbitrary actions of the state and also promote justice, liberty, and
equality.
They are mentioned in Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12 to 35). Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar, the chief architect of our Constitution, once said that these rights are the
“conscience of the Constitution.”
Types of Fundamental Rights
Now, let’s open the treasure box of Fundamental Rights one by one. Originally, there were
seven Fundamental Rights, but today there are six (the Right to Property was removed in
1978 by the 44th Constitutional Amendment).
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
This right is like the backbone of democracy. It ensures that everyone is treated equally
before the law, no matter who they are — rich or poor, man or woman, Hindu or Muslim.
• Article 14: Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws.
• Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place
of birth.
• Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment.
• Article 17: Abolition of untouchability — one of the most revolutionary provisions.
• Article 18: Abolition of titles like “Raja” or “Maharaja” (except military or academic
titles).
This right ensures that no one is above the law, not even the Prime Minister or the
President.
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
Imagine life without freedom of speech, movement, or work — it would be suffocating. This
right gives us fresh air to live as free human beings.
• Article 19: Provides six freedoms:
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o Freedom of speech and expression
o Freedom to assemble peacefully
o Freedom to form associations/unions
o Freedom to move freely throughout India
o Freedom to reside and settle anywhere in India
o Freedom to practice any profession or trade
• Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences (no double punishment,
no retroactive punishment).
• Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty — interpreted very broadly by courts to
include the right to privacy, education, clean environment, etc.
• Article 22: Protection of persons in case of arrest and detention.
This right truly makes India a land of free citizens.
3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)
This right protects the weaker sections from exploitation, something that was very common
in colonial and feudal India.
• Article 23: Prohibits human trafficking and forced labour.
• Article 24: Prohibits employment of children below 14 years in dangerous industries
like mines and factories.
It safeguards human dignity and ensures no one is treated like a slave.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)
India is home to many religions, and this right ensures peaceful coexistence.
• Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of
religion.
• Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs.
• Article 27: No compulsion to pay taxes for promoting a particular religion.
• Article 28: Freedom from attending religious instruction in state-run educational
institutions.
This right makes India a truly secular country where all religions are respected.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
India is like a beautiful garden with many flowers — languages, cultures, and traditions. This
right protects this diversity.
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• Article 29: Protects the interests of minorities in preserving their culture, language,
or script.
• Article 30: Gives minorities the right to establish and administer educational
institutions of their choice.
This ensures that no culture or community feels neglected in the Indian family.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
This right is called the “heart and soul of the Constitution” by Dr. Ambedkar. Why? Because
without it, other rights would just remain on paper.
If your Fundamental Rights are violated, you can directly approach the Supreme Court or
High Courts. They can issue writs like habeas corpus (produce the body), mandamus (we
command), prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari.
This right ensures that Fundamental Rights are not empty promises but living guarantees.
Why are Fundamental Rights Important?
• They protect individuals from state misuse of power.
• They promote the spirit of democracy by ensuring liberty and equality.
• They help in the overall development of personality.
• They unify India by protecting diversity and giving equal rights to all citizens.
A Small Story Illustration
Think of Fundamental Rights as a safety kit given to every citizen when India became
independent. Just like a helmet protects a biker from accidents, Fundamental Rights protect
us from injustice. Without them, democracy would be like a car without brakes — fast, but
dangerous.
Conclusion
The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution are not just legal provisions; they are the
very foundation of our democratic life. They reflect the dreams of our freedom fighters and
the wisdom of our Constitution-makers. They remind us that true independence is not just
about removing foreign rulers, but also about giving every citizen dignity, equality, and
freedom.
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In short, Fundamental Rights are the soul of India’s democracy — guiding the nation like a
lighthouse guides a ship in the dark sea.
4. Critically evaluate the Fundamental duties in Indian Constitution.
Ans: Critically Evaluating the Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution
A Different Beginning
Imagine a classroom where every student demands their rights: the right to speak, the right
to play, the right to be heard. But what if no one does their homework, no one respects the
teacher, and no one keeps the classroom clean? Rights without duties would create chaos.
This is exactly what the framers of the Constitution realized later. While the Constitution of
1950 gave us a rich set of Fundamental Rights, it did not explicitly list Fundamental Duties.
It was only in 1976, during the Emergency, that the 42nd Constitutional Amendment
introduced them, inspired by the Constitution of the USSR.
So, the Fundamental Duties are like a reminder: “Yes, you have rights, but you also have
responsibilities towards your nation and fellow citizens.”
The List of Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)
There are 11 Fundamental Duties today (originally 10, the 11th was added in 2002). They
include:
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the National Flag,
and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals of the freedom struggle.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood, and renounce
practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of India’s composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment and have compassion for living
creatures.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and abjure violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.
11. To provide opportunities for education to children between 6 and 14 years (added
by the 86th Amendment, 2002).
Significance of Fundamental Duties
1. Moral Compass for Citizens
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They remind citizens that rights are not one-sided. Duties act as a moral compass, guiding
behavior towards the nation and society.
2. Strengthening National Unity
By asking citizens to respect the Constitution, the flag, and the anthem, they foster a sense
of unity and patriotism.
3. Social Responsibility
Duties like promoting harmony, renouncing practices derogatory to women, and protecting
the environment encourage social responsibility.
4. Balance Between Rights and Duties
They balance the emphasis on rights with a sense of obligation. Just as Fundamental Rights
empower citizens, Fundamental Duties discipline them.
5. Educational Value
They are not legally enforceable, but they educate citizens about their role in nation-
building.
Critical Evaluation: Strengths and Weaknesses
Now let’s critically evaluate them—because while they sound noble, they are not without
problems.
Strengths
1. Inspirational in Nature
o They inspire citizens to rise above selfish interests and think of the larger
good.
o For example, protecting the environment is not just a duty to the state but to
future generations.
2. Promote Civic Sense
o Duties like safeguarding public property or abjuring violence encourage
discipline and civic responsibility.
3. Support for Fundamental Rights
o Duties complement rights. For example, the right to freedom of speech is
balanced by the duty to promote harmony and not spread hatred.
4. Nation-Building Tool
o They remind citizens that democracy is not just about demanding rights but
also about contributing to the nation.
Weaknesses / Criticisms
1. Not Legally Enforceable
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o Unlike Fundamental Rights, Duties are not justiciable. You cannot go to court
if someone fails to perform their duty.
o This makes them more symbolic than practical.
2. Vague and Ambiguous
o Some duties are too broad. For example, “to strive towards excellence” is
noble but vague. How do we measure it?
3. Added During Emergency
o Critics argue that the 42nd Amendment (1976) was passed during the
Emergency, when democratic freedoms were curtailed.
o Duties were seen as a way to remind citizens to obey the state, rather than
empowering them.
4. Selective in Nature
o The list misses some important duties, like paying taxes honestly or voting in
elections.
o These are crucial for democracy but not mentioned explicitly.
5. Burden on Citizens Alone
o Duties are imposed only on citizens, not on the state.
o But shouldn’t the state also have duties towards citizens? For example, to
provide clean governance or protect rights?
Judicial Interpretation
• The Supreme Court has often referred to Fundamental Duties while interpreting
laws.
• In the AIIMS Students’ Union case (2001), the Court said that duties are as
important as rights.
• In the Ranganath Mishra case, the Court observed that duties should be enforced by
law where possible.
• However, courts have also clarified that duties cannot override Fundamental Rights.
Balanced View
So, how do we evaluate them?
• On one hand, Fundamental Duties are essential reminders of responsible citizenship.
They encourage patriotism, social harmony, and environmental protection.
• On the other hand, their non-enforceability, vagueness, and limited scope reduce
their practical impact.
They are like a moral textbook—good to read, inspiring to follow, but not binding in law.
Suggestions for Improvement
1. Make Some Duties Enforceable
o Duties like protecting the environment or providing education could be
backed by laws for better implementation.
2. Add More Duties
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o Include duties like voting, paying taxes, and promoting gender equality more
explicitly.
3. Civic Education
o Schools and colleges should teach duties alongside rights, so citizens grow up
with a balanced sense of both.
4. State’s Role
o The state should also be held accountable for its duties towards citizens,
creating a two-way relationship.
Conclusion
The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are like the conscience of the nation.
They remind us that democracy is not just about demanding rights but also about fulfilling
responsibilities.
• Strengths: They inspire, educate, and promote unity.
• Weaknesses: They are vague, non-enforceable, and incomplete.
Yet, their significance lies in their moral force. They are not punishments but reminders—
reminders that freedom is fragile unless citizens act responsibly.
For students, the key is to remember:
• Origin: 42nd Amendment, 1976 (inspired by USSR).
• Number: 11 duties under Article 51A.
• Nature: Non-justiciable, moral obligations.
• Evaluation: Inspiring but limited; need strengthening.
Explained as a story, Fundamental Duties are not just constitutional clauses—they are the
voice of the Constitution whispering to every Indian: “Enjoy your rights, but never forget
your duties.”
SECTION-C
5. Examine the powers and position of Parliament in India.
Ans: Imagine India as a huge, vibrant orchestra where millions of people are playing
different instruments of democracy. In this orchestra, the Parliament of India is like the
conductor—it does not play every instrument itself, but it ensures harmony, coordination,
and direction. Without the conductor, the music would be chaotic, and without Parliament,
Indian democracy would lose its voice and balance.
Now, to truly understand the powers and position of Parliament in India, let us walk step
by step into its story, beginning from its foundation to its role in shaping the destiny of the
nation.
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1. The Heart of Democracy
Parliament is not just a building made of red sandstone in New Delhi; it is the living voice of
the people. Every five years, ordinary citizens cast their votes, and those votes transform
into representatives who sit inside Parliament. It is here that the wishes, needs, and
problems of the people of India are turned into laws, policies, and debates.
This gives Parliament a central position in the working of our democracy—it is the highest
law-making body and also the guardian of people’s interests.
2. The Structure of Parliament
Before diving into its powers, let us quickly picture what Parliament looks like from inside. It
has two main chambers:
• Lok Sabha (House of the People): Directly elected by the citizens. This is like the
strong foundation of Parliament since it reflects the will of the people.
• Rajya Sabha (Council of States): Represents the states and union territories.
Members are mostly elected by state legislatures. It ensures that India’s federal
spirit is preserved.
• President of India: Technically, the President is also part of Parliament, since no bill
becomes a law without the President’s approval.
So, Parliament is not a single room—it is a three-part system that brings together the
people, the states, and the nation as a whole.
3. Powers of Parliament
Parliament is like a multitasking engine. It does not have just one job but many. Let us
explore its main powers in a simple way:
(a) Legislative Powers
The primary role of Parliament is law-making.
• It makes laws on subjects in the Union List (like defense, foreign affairs, currency).
• It shares law-making power with state legislatures on subjects in the Concurrent List
(like education, forests, marriage laws).
• In certain conditions, it can also make laws on State List matters, such as during an
emergency or if two or more states agree to it.
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In simple words, if India were a classroom, Parliament is the teacher who sets the rules of
behavior and ensures everyone follows them.
(b) Financial Powers
Parliament holds the purse of the nation. No rupee can be collected as tax or spent from
the treasury without the permission of Parliament.
• The government presents the Budget every year, and it is discussed and approved in
Parliament.
• The Lok Sabha has greater financial authority—Money Bills can only originate there.
This ensures that the government cannot spend freely; it must always answer to the
representatives of the people.
(c) Control over the Executive
In a parliamentary democracy, the government (Prime Minister and Council of Ministers) is
like the driver of the car, but Parliament has the brakes and steering wheel.
• Ministers remain in office only as long as they enjoy the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
• Parliament can ask questions, hold debates, pass motions of no-confidence, and
demand explanations.
This keeps the government accountable and prevents misuse of power.
(d) Amendment Powers
The Constitution is the guiding book of India, but it is not a rigid book carved in stone.
Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution to meet new needs of society—like
lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 or introducing GST. However, this power is limited by
the Supreme Court’s ruling that Parliament cannot change the basic structure of the
Constitution.
(e) Judicial Powers
Parliament also acts like a judge in certain cases:
• It can impeach the President for violation of the Constitution.
• It can remove judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts for misconduct.
• It decides on disqualifications of its members.
This shows that Parliament not only makes rules but also ensures those rules are respected.
(f) Electoral Powers
Parliament plays a role in important elections:
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• Members of Parliament participate in the election of the President and Vice
President of India.
• They also elect the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha, as well as the
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
4. The Position of Parliament
After looking at its powers, where exactly does Parliament stand in the political system of
India?
• Supreme in Law-making: No other body can make laws for the whole country with
such authority.
• But Not Absolute: Unlike in Britain, where Parliament is sovereign, in India
Parliament’s position is limited by the Constitution. The judiciary can strike down a
law if it violates fundamental rights or the basic structure.
• Voice of the People: Since the Lok Sabha is directly elected, Parliament remains the
true reflection of the citizens’ will.
• Balance of Federalism: Through the Rajya Sabha, it safeguards the rights of the
states.
Thus, Parliament is powerful but not unchecked—it is balanced by the President, Judiciary,
and the federal system.
5. Challenges and Criticisms
Like every powerful institution, Parliament also faces some challenges:
• Sometimes debates turn into noisy disruptions, weakening its dignity.
• Money power and criminalization in politics reduce its effectiveness.
• Excessive dominance of the executive (government) can reduce Parliament to a
rubber stamp.
Still, despite its shortcomings, Parliament remains the beating heart of Indian democracy.
6. Conclusion
To conclude, if Indian democracy is a journey, then Parliament is both the map and the
vehicle that guides us. It makes laws, controls finances, checks the government, amends the
Constitution, and represents the voice of every citizen.
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Its position is neither above the Constitution nor below the people—it stands as a bridge
between the two. While it has immense powers, it also has limits, ensuring that no organ of
government becomes dictatorial.
In the end, the greatness of Parliament lies not only in its powers but also in its ability to
transform the voice of 1.4 billion Indians into one unified chorus—the chorus of democracy.
6. Highlight the powers and role of Prime Minister of India.
Ans: The Powers and Role of the Prime Minister of India
A Different Beginning
Imagine India as a giant orchestra. There are hundreds of instruments—ministries,
departments, states, institutions—all playing their parts. But without a conductor, the music
would collapse into noise. The Prime Minister of India is that conductor. He doesn’t play
every instrument himself, but he sets the rhythm, coordinates the players, and ensures the
melody of governance flows smoothly.
The Constitution of India, through Articles 74 and 75, places the Prime Minister at the head
of the Council of Ministers to “aid and advise the President.” But in practice, the Prime
Minister is far more than just an adviser—he is the pivot of the entire political system, the
link between the President, the Cabinet, the Parliament, and the people.
Nature of the Office
• The Prime Minister is the head of government (while the President is the
constitutional head of state).
• He is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha, commanding the confidence
of the House.
• He is the chief spokesperson of the government, both at home and abroad.
• In short, the Prime Minister is the real executive authority in India.
Powers and Role of the Prime Minister
Let’s walk through the Prime Minister’s powers like chapters in a story.
1. Leader of the Council of Ministers
• The Prime Minister is the captain of the Cabinet team.
• He selects ministers, allocates portfolios, reshuffles them, and can even ask them to
resign.
• Under Article 75, the President appoints ministers on the advice of the Prime
Minister.
• The Cabinet works as a collective body, but the Prime Minister is its driving force.
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In simple words: He is the boss of the Council of Ministers.
2. Link Between the President and the Cabinet
• The President is the nominal head, but he acts on the advice of the Council of
Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister.
• The Prime Minister communicates all Cabinet decisions to the President.
• He also keeps the President informed about the affairs of the Union.
In simple words: He is the bridge between the ceremonial head and the real executive.
3. Leader of the Lok Sabha
• The Prime Minister is the leader of the House to which he belongs (usually the Lok
Sabha).
• He sets the agenda of Parliament, decides when it will meet, and guides debates.
• He defends government policies, answers questions, and ensures the passage of
bills.
In simple words: He is the voice of the government in Parliament.
4. Policy Maker and Chief Architect of Government
• The Prime Minister plays a central role in framing policies—economic, foreign,
defense, and social.
• He coordinates between ministries to ensure policies are consistent.
• He is the face of reforms, welfare schemes, and national strategies.
In simple words: He is the chief architect of India’s policies.
5. Leader of the Nation
• Beyond Parliament, the Prime Minister is the leader of the people.
• He addresses the nation on important occasions (like Independence Day from the
Red Fort).
• He symbolizes national unity and inspires confidence in times of crisis.
In simple words: He is the political heartbeat of the nation.
6. Foreign Affairs and International Role
• The Prime Minister represents India globally—at the UN, G20, BRICS, and bilateral
summits.
• He negotiates treaties, builds alliances, and projects India’s image abroad.
• In foreign policy, his role is decisive, often shaping India’s global standing.
In simple words: He is India’s face to the world.
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7. Emergency Powers
• During national emergencies (Article 352, 356, 360), the Prime Minister’s role
becomes even more powerful.
• He advises the President on proclaiming emergencies.
• He coordinates defense, internal security, and crisis management.
In simple words: In emergencies, his word can shape the nation’s survival.
8. Leader of the Party
• The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the ruling party or coalition.
• He maintains party discipline, manages alliances, and ensures majority support in the
Lok Sabha.
• His political strength often determines the stability of the government.
In simple words: He is the glue that holds the ruling party or coalition together.
9. Appointments and Patronage
• On his advice, the President appoints key officials: Governors, Ambassadors, Election
Commissioners, and more.
• He influences appointments to top positions in the civil services and defense.
In simple words: He shapes the leadership of the nation’s institutions.
10. Symbol of National Unity
• In a diverse country like India, the Prime Minister is not just a political leader but a
unifying figure.
• He must balance regional, linguistic, and cultural diversities.
• His leadership ensures the integrity of the Union.
In simple words: He is the thread that ties India’s diversity into unity.
Critical Evaluation of the Prime Minister’s Role
While the Prime Minister is the most powerful figure in Indian politics, his role has both
strengths and challenges.
Strengths
• Provides strong leadership and direction.
• Ensures coordination among ministries.
• Represents India effectively on the global stage.
• Acts as a unifying force in a diverse democracy.
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Challenges
• Power can become too centralized, overshadowing the Cabinet.
• Coalition politics sometimes weakens the Prime Minister’s authority.
• Balancing party interests with national interests is often difficult.
• Overdependence on the Prime Minister can reduce collective responsibility.
Conclusion
The Prime Minister of India is not just another office-bearer—he is the axis around which
the entire political system revolves. He is the leader of the Cabinet, the link with the
President, the voice in Parliament, the architect of policies, the representative abroad, and
the symbol of unity at home.
If the President is the head of the state, the Prime Minister is the heart of the government.
His powers are vast, his responsibilities immense, and his role indispensable.
For students, the key is to remember:
• Nature: Head of government, leader of majority, real executive authority.
• Powers: Cabinet leadership, policy-making, parliamentary role, foreign affairs,
emergency powers, appointments.
• Role: National leader, party leader, symbol of unity.
Explained as a story, the Prime Minister is not just a constitutional office—he is the
conductor of India’s democratic orchestra, ensuring that the music of governance plays in
harmony.
SECTION-D
7. Critically discuss the position and powers of Governor of State.
Ans: A Story-like Beginning
Imagine a grand stage called Indian democracy. On this stage, many actors play their roles—
the President, the Prime Minister, the Chief Ministers, the judges, and of course, the people
themselves. But hidden in the corners of this stage stands a character who often creates
debates and controversies—the Governor of a State.
The Governor is like a bridge between the Union Government (the Centre) and the State
Government. His role is written in the Constitution, but the way he acts often depends on
circumstances, political conditions, and even personalities. To some, he looks like a
ceremonial figurehead, while to others he appears to be a powerful agent of the Centre.
This dual image makes the Governor’s position both fascinating and controversial.
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Let us now travel step by step into understanding the Governor’s position and powers—
while also critically analyzing whether he is truly powerful or merely symbolic.
The Constitutional Position of the Governor
The Constitution of India establishes the Governor as the head of the State, much like the
President is at the Union level.
• Article 153: Each State shall have a Governor.
• He is appointed by the President of India, which means indirectly by the Union
Government.
• He holds office “during the pleasure of the President,” which makes his position
highly dependent on the ruling party at the Centre.
At first glance, the Governor looks like the “king” of a State. But if we read carefully, his
powers are largely to be exercised on the advice of the State’s Council of Ministers (headed
by the Chief Minister). This makes him a constitutional head rather than a real executive
authority.
Powers of the Governor
The Governor enjoys a wide range of powers on paper. Let’s look at them in simple
language:
1. Executive Powers
• He appoints the Chief Minister. Other ministers are also appointed by him on the
advice of the CM.
• He appoints the Advocate-General, Chairman and Members of the State Public
Service Commission.
• All executive actions of the State are carried out in his name.
• He can recommend President’s Rule in the State under Article 356 if he feels the
State government cannot function according to the Constitution.
2. Legislative Powers
• He summons and prorogues the State Legislature and can dissolve the Legislative
Assembly.
• He gives assent to bills passed by the State Legislature. Without his assent, no bill
can become law.
• He may withhold a bill, return it for reconsideration, or reserve it for the
President’s consideration (especially bills affecting national interest).
• He nominates one member from the Anglo-Indian community to the Assembly (if not
adequately represented) and some members to the Legislative Council (if it exists).
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• He also addresses the first session of the Legislature after elections, setting the tone
for the government’s work.
3. Financial Powers
• No money bill can be introduced in the State Legislature without his prior
recommendation.
• The annual budget is presented in his name.
• He ensures that the State’s finances are properly managed.
4. Judicial Powers
• He appoints judges of the district courts.
• He has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment
under State laws.
5. Discretionary Powers
This is the most controversial area. In theory, the Governor works on the advice of the
Council of Ministers, but in certain cases, he can act without or against such advice. For
example:
• Choosing a Chief Minister when no party has a clear majority.
• Dismissing a government that loses majority but refuses to resign.
• Reserving a bill for the President.
• Reporting to the President about the breakdown of constitutional machinery in the
State.
The Critical Side – Is the Governor Really Powerful?
Now comes the interesting part. On paper, the Governor has both dignity and authority. But
in practice, his role is often criticized. Let us critically discuss his position:
1. Agent of the Centre
Although the Governor is called the “constitutional head of the State,” his appointment and
removal are fully in the hands of the Union Government. This makes him appear more like a
representative of the Centre rather than a guardian of the State. Many Chief Ministers
complain that Governors interfere in State politics to favor the ruling party at the Centre.
2. Ceremonial Head or Real Power?
Most of the time, the Governor acts only on the advice of the Chief Minister and Council of
Ministers. His role is like the President’s—mainly ceremonial. However, in hung assemblies,
his discretion in choosing the CM can tilt the balance of power. This often creates
allegations of bias.
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3. Controversial Use of Article 356
The Governor’s report is the basis on which the President’s Rule is imposed in a State.
History shows that this power has been misused several times to dismiss State governments
of opposition parties. Critics say the Governor becomes a “political tool” rather than a
neutral referee.
4. Conflict with Chief Ministers
There are frequent clashes between Governors and Chief Ministers. For instance, when
Governors delay giving assent to bills, refuse to convene assemblies promptly, or actively
criticize the elected government. This creates tension in the federal structure.
5. Recommendations of Commissions
Several committees have studied the Governor’s role.
• Sarkaria Commission (1988) suggested that Governors should be people of integrity,
not active politicians, and should act as impartial figures.
• Punchhi Commission (2010) recommended fixed tenure and greater transparency in
their functioning.
Despite these, controversies remain alive.
A Balanced Understanding
So, is the Governor a “rubber stamp” or a “super power”? The truth lies somewhere in
between.
• In routine matters, he is a symbolic head, acting on the advice of the elected
government.
• In crisis situations (like hung assemblies or constitutional breakdowns), he becomes
a key decision-maker.
• However, misuse of discretionary powers has often damaged his image and raised
questions about his neutrality.
Conclusion – The Governor’s Role in the Democratic Story
The Governor of a State is like the referee in a football match. A good referee ensures the
game is played fairly without interfering unnecessarily. But if the referee starts favoring one
team, the match turns controversial.
Similarly, the Governor’s position is meant to uphold the Constitution, maintain peace
between the Centre and the State, and safeguard democracy. When he acts with neutrality,
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he strengthens the federal system. But when he acts with political bias, he weakens the very
spirit of democracy.
Thus, critically speaking, the Governor has both powers and limitations. His office is
essential, but it must always operate with fairness, impartiality, and respect for the mandate
of the people. Only then can the Governor truly be called the “guardian of the Constitution”
in the States.
8. Examine the election, powers and role of Legislative Assembly of State.
Ans: The Legislative Assembly of a State: Election, Powers, and Role
A Different Beginning
Picture a bustling town in your state during election season. Streets are filled with posters,
loudspeakers blare campaign songs, and candidates move door to door asking for votes.
People line up at polling booths, inked fingers raised proudly after casting their ballot.
What are they voting for? They are choosing their representatives for the State Legislative
Assembly, the body that makes laws, controls finances, and holds the state government
accountable. If Parliament is the heartbeat of India at the national level, the Legislative
Assembly is the pulse of democracy in each state.
Election of the Legislative Assembly
1. Composition
• The Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the state legislature.
• Most states in India have a unicameral legislature (only Legislative Assembly).
• Some states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and
Telangana have a bicameral legislature (Legislative Assembly + Legislative Council).
• The size of the Assembly depends on the population of the state:
o Minimum: 60 members (except smaller states like Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram,
where it can be less).
o Maximum: 500 members.
2. Election Process
• Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are directly elected by the people of
the state.
• Elections are held on the basis of universal adult suffrage—every citizen above 18
years has the right to vote.
• The state is divided into single-member constituencies.
• The system followed is first-past-the-post: the candidate with the highest votes
wins.
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3. Tenure
• The normal tenure of the Assembly is five years.
• It can be dissolved earlier by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister or if
no party has a majority.
• During a national emergency, Parliament can extend its term by one year at a time.
4. Qualifications of MLAs
• Must be a citizen of India.
• Must be at least 25 years old.
• Must not hold an office of profit under the government.
• Must not be of unsound mind or bankrupt.
In simple words: The Legislative Assembly is elected by the people, for the people, and
from the people.
Powers of the Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly is not just a debating club—it has real powers that shape the lives
of citizens. These powers can be grouped into different categories.
1. Legislative Powers
• The Assembly makes laws on subjects in the State List (like police, agriculture, public
health, local government) and the Concurrent List (like education, forests, marriage,
succession).
• In case of conflict on Concurrent List subjects, the Union law prevails, but the
Assembly still plays a vital role.
• In bicameral states, the Assembly has more power than the Legislative Council,
especially in passing bills.
• Money Bills can only originate in the Assembly, not in the Council.
Example: If your state passes a law on regulating private schools or banning alcohol, it is
the Assembly that debates and approves it.
2. Financial Powers
• The Assembly controls the state budget.
• The Finance Minister presents the Annual Financial Statement (Budget) in the
Assembly.
• No tax can be levied or money spent without the approval of the Assembly.
• The Assembly passes Appropriation Bills and Finance Bills, ensuring accountability
of public money.
In simple words: The Assembly is the guardian of the state’s purse.
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3. Executive Powers
• The Council of Ministers, headed by the Chief Minister, is collectively responsible to
the Assembly.
• The Assembly can question ministers, hold debates, and demand explanations.
• It can pass a No-Confidence Motion, forcing the government to resign.
• Through Question Hour, Zero Hour, and Committees, the Assembly keeps the
executive in check.
In simple words: The Assembly is the watchdog of the government.
4. Electoral Powers
• The Assembly participates in the election of the President of India.
• It elects members of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament) from the state.
• In bicameral states, the Assembly also plays a role in creating or abolishing the
Legislative Council.
5. Constitutional Powers
• The Assembly can initiate proposals for constitutional amendments (though final
power rests with Parliament).
• It can also pass resolutions on matters of state reorganization or boundary changes.
6. Deliberative and Representative Role
• The Assembly is a forum where public issues are debated.
• MLAs raise the concerns of their constituencies—roads, schools, hospitals,
electricity, water supply.
• It acts as a bridge between the people and the government.
In simple words: The Assembly is the people’s voice inside the state’s walls of power.
Role of the Legislative Assembly
Now let’s step back and see the broader role of the Assembly in the political system.
1. Law-Maker
The Assembly is the primary law-making body of the state. It ensures that laws reflect the
needs and aspirations of the people.
2. Controller of the Executive
By questioning ministers, passing motions, and holding debates, the Assembly ensures that
the government remains accountable.
3. Financial Authority
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The Assembly decides how the state’s money is raised and spent, ensuring transparency and
responsibility.
4. Voice of the People
MLAs represent their constituencies, bringing local issues to the state level. This makes
governance more responsive and democratic.
5. Training Ground for Leadership
Many national leaders, including Prime Ministers, began their careers as MLAs. The
Assembly is a nursery of political leadership.
6. Symbol of Federalism
The Assembly reflects India’s federal structure, where states have autonomy in certain
matters. It ensures that governance is not centralized but spread across the country.
Critical Evaluation
While the Legislative Assembly is powerful, it also faces challenges:
• Sometimes, party politics overshadows genuine debate.
• In some states, frequent defections and instability weaken its role.
• Money power and criminalization of politics affect the quality of representation.
• Yet, despite these flaws, the Assembly remains the cornerstone of state democracy.
Conclusion
The Legislative Assembly of a State is the beating heart of democracy at the state level.
Elected directly by the people, it makes laws, controls finances, keeps the government
accountable, and represents the voice of citizens.
• Election: Directly elected by the people for five years.
• Powers: Legislative, financial, executive, electoral, and deliberative.
• Role: Law-maker, watchdog, people’s voice, and symbol of federalism.
Explained as a story, the Assembly is not just a building where MLAs sit—it is the stage
where democracy plays out every day, where the voices of millions are transformed into
laws and policies.
For students, the key is to remember:
• Election = How it is formed.
• Powers = What it can do.
• Role = Why it matters.
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For examiners, this answer is enjoyable because it doesn’t just list powers—it tells the story
of how the Legislative Assembly is the people’s house, the guardian of state democracy, and
the bridge between citizens and governance.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
